Here is the rewritten biography of Mahatma Gandhi:
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, India, to a Hindu Modh family. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, was the Chief Minister of Porbandar, and his mother, Putlibai, was the fourth wife, having lost her previous three husbands in childbirth. Gandhi was born into the vaishya (business) caste and was married at the age of 13 to Kasturbai (Ba) Makhanji, arranged by his parents. They had four sons.
Gandhi learned tolerance and non-injury to living beings from an early age, abstaining from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity. He studied law at the University of Bombay and later at University College London, graduating in 1891 and being admitted to the bar in England. His reading of "Civil Disobedience" by David Thoreau inspired his devotion to the principle of non-violence.
Gandhi returned to Bombay and practiced law for a year before moving to South Africa to work for an Indian firm in Natal. There, he faced racism, being thrown off a train while holding a valid first-class ticket and pushed to third class. He was also beaten by a stagecoach driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to make room for a European passenger. Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894, focusing on the Indian cause and British discrimination in South Africa.
Gandhi was attacked by a mob of racists, who tried to lynch him, and was decorated for his courage at the Battle of Spion Kop. He corresponded with Lev Tolstoy and expressed his admiration for the Tolstoyan principles of non-violence. In 1906, Gandhi organized a non-violent resistance against the Transvaal government's registration act, calling upon his fellow Indians to defy the law in a non-violent manner and suffer the punishment for doing so.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and became active in the struggle for Indian independence, speaking at the conventions of the Indian National Congress and becoming one of its leaders. In 1918, Gandhi opposed the increasing tax levied by the British during the devastating famine, and was arrested in Champaran, Bihar, for organizing civil resistance. He was released and represented the farmers in negotiation with the British administration, achieving a successful outcome.
Gandhi launched the "Swaraj" campaign for independence and non-cooperation with the British authorities, urging Indians to replace British goods with their own fabrics and goods. He was imprisoned from 1922-1924 and released after an appendectomy. During this time, a Swaraj party was formed by his opponents, which later dissolved back into the Congress.
Gandhi planned to achieve stability through the secularization of India, as the only way of uniting Hindus and Muslims in one peaceful nation. He wrote to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin: "If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of March I shall proceed with co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws." Gandhi led the famous Salt March to Dandi, walking 240 miles from Ashram Ahmetabad to the village of Dandi on the ocean to make their own salt. He was arrested on May 4, 1930, and eventually the British government signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, agreeing to free all political prisoners.
Gandhi campaigned to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he called Harijans (the children of God),promoting equitable rights, including the right to vote in the same electorates as other castes. In 1936, he briefly resigned from the party due to his popularity stifling the diversity of membership, ranging from communists and socialists to religious conservatives and pro-business groups. He returned to the head of the party with the Jawaharlal Nehru presidency.
Gandhi declared that India could not be a party to the Second World War unless it had independence, leading to the "Quit India" campaign, which resulted in mass arrests on an unprecedented scale of struggle. He was arrested in Bombay and held for two years, during which time his wife and secretary died. Gandhi was released in May 1944 due to a necessary surgery. His campaign led to the release of over 100,000 political prisoners before the end of the war.
India won independence in 1947, followed by the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the partition of India. Gandhi said, "Before partitioning India, my body will have to be cut into two pieces." He urged the Congress Party to accept partition, and launched his last "fast-into-death" campaign in Delhi, calling for a stop to all violence. Gandhi also called to give Pakistan the 550,000,000 ru
